Taxable income is the base income upon which tax is levied. It includes some or all items of income and is reduced by expenses and other deductions.

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Objectives of Preparing the Trial Balance.

  The primary objective of preparing the trial balance is to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the accounting records. The trial balance helps in achieving the following objectives: Ensuring the Accuracy of Accounting Records: The trial balance ensures that the total of all debits is equal to the total of all credits. If the trial balance does not balance, it indicates that there is an error in the accounting records that needs to be corrected. This helps to ensure that the accounting records are accurate. Detecting Errors: The trial balance helps in detecting errors in the accounting records. If the trial balance does not balance, it indicates that there is an error in one or more of the accounts. By comparing the balances of the individual accounts with their ledger balances, it is possible to identify and correct errors in the accounting records. Facilitating the Preparation of Financial Statements: The trial balance provides a summary of all the account balances, which ca...
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Single Column Cash Book.

A single column cash book is a simple bookkeeping ledger used to record all cash transactions that occur in a business. It has a single column for each transaction, which is used to record either debit or credit entries. Here is an example of a single column cash book: Date Particulars L.F. Amount 1/1 Balance b/d 5000 1/3 Sales 1001 2500 1/5 Rent paid 1002 1200 1/8 Cash deposited 3000 1/11 Purchase 1003 2000 1/15 Wages paid 1004 1500 1/22 Cash withdrawn 1000 1/31 Balance c/d 8300 In this example, the first row shows the opening balance. The "L.F." column is used to record the page number of the ledger where the transaction is recorded. On January 3rd, a sale was made for 2,500 and recorded as a credit entry. On January 5th, rent was paid for 1,200 and recorded as a debit entry. On January 8th, cash of 3,000 was deposited and recorded as a credit entry. On January 11th, a purchase was made for 2,000 and recorded as a debit entry. On January 15th, wages were paid for 1,500 and ...
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Vertical analysis

  Vertical analysis, also known as common-size analysis, is a financial analysis technique that compares different items on a financial statement as a percentage of a common base. In vertical analysis, each line item on the financial statement is expressed as a percentage of another item, usually the total assets or total revenue, depending on the statement being analyzed. For example, in the vertical analysis of an income statement, each line item is expressed as a percentage of the total revenue. This allows for easy comparison of the relative size and importance of each expense or revenue item to the total revenue. The formula for vertical analysis is as follows: Vertical Analysis = (Item Amount / Base Amount) x 100 Where: Item Amount is the amount of a specific line item on the financial statement. Base Amount is the amount of the common base used for comparison, such as total assets or total revenue. Vertical analysis is used to identify trends and patterns in a company's fina...
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